List of current foreign ministers

This is a list of current foreign ministers of the 193 United Nations member states as well as the Holy See (Vatican City) and the State of Palestine.

Foreign ministers of sovereign countries with limited recognition, some alternative governments, some dependent territories and some autonomous administrative divisions are included in separate tables.

Generally recognised sovereign states

State Historical list of foreign ministers Current foreign minister Political affiliation Assumed office
 AfghanistanListAmir Khan Muttaqi (acting)Taliban7 September 2021
 AlbaniaListOlta Xhaçka[1]Socialist Party of Albania31 December 2020
 AlgeriaListAhmed Attaf[2]18 March 2023
 AndorraListMaria Ubach i Font[3]Democrats for Andorra 17 July 2017
 AngolaListTete António[4]MPLA20 April 2020
 Antigua and BarbudaListE.P. Chet GreeneAntigua Labour Party21 March 2018
 ArgentinaListSantiago Cafiero[5]Justicialist Party20 September 2021
 ArmeniaListArarat Mirzoyan[6]19 August 2021
 AustraliaListPenny Wong[7]Australian Labor Party23 May 2022
 AustriaListAlexander SchallenbergPeople's Party6 December 2021
 AzerbaijanListJeyhun Bayramov[8]Independent16 July 2020
 BahamasListFred Mitchell[9]20 September 2021
 BahrainListAbdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani[10][11]11 February 2020
 BangladeshListAK Abdul Momen[12]Bangladesh Awami League6 January 2019
 BarbadosListKerrie D. Symmonds[13]Barbados Labour Party26 October 2022
 BelarusListSergei Aleinik13 December 2022
 BelgiumListHadja Lahbib[14]Reformist Movement15 July 2022
 BelizeListEamon CourtenayPeople's United Party13 November 2020
 BeninListAurélien Agbénonci[15]6 April 2016
 BhutanListTandi Dorji[16]Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa7 November 2018
 BoliviaListRogelio Mayta[17]Movement for Socialism 9 November 2020
 Bosnia and HerzegovinaListElmedin KonakovićPeople and Justice25 January 2023
 BotswanaListLemogang Kwape26 August 2020
 BrazilMauro VieiraIndependent1 January 2023
 BruneiHassanal Bolkiah (monarch) (Minister of Foreign Affairs)[11]22 October 2015
Erywan Yusof (Second Minister of Foreign Affairs)31 January 2018
 BulgariaListNikolay Milkov[18]18 August 2022
 Burkina FasoListOlivia Rouamba5 March 2022
 BurundiListAlbert Shingiro[19]28 June 2020
 CambodiaListPrak Sokhon[20]Cambodian People's Party5 April 2016
 CameroonListLejeune Mbella MbellaCameroon People's Democratic Movement2 October 2015
 CanadaListMélanie Joly[21]Liberal Party of Canada26 October 2021
 Cape VerdeListRui Alberto de Figueiredo Soares14 January 2021
 Central African RepublicListSylvie Baïpo-Temon[22]Independent14 December 2018
 ChadListMahamat Zene Cherif[23]2 May 2021
 ChileListAntonia Urrejola[24]11 March 2022
 ChinaListQin GangChinese Communist Party30 December 2022
 ColombiaListÁlvaro LeyvaColombian Conservative Party7 August 2022
 ComorosListDhoihir Dhoulkamal28 September 2020
 Congo, Democratic Republic of theListChristophe Lutundula27 April 2021
 Congo, Republic of theListJean-Claude Gakosso[25]Congolese Party of Labour10 August 2015
 Costa RicaListArnoldo André Tinoco[26]8 May 2022
 CroatiaListGordan Grlić-Radman[27]Croatian Democratic Union19 July 2019
 CubaListBruno Rodríguez ParrillaCommunist Party of Cuba2 March 2009
 CyprusListKostantinos Kombos[28]1 March 2023
 Czech RepublicListJan Lipavský[29]Czech Pirate Party17 December 2021
 DenmarkListLars Løkke Rasmussen[30]Moderates15 December 2022
 DjiboutiListMahamoud Ali YoussoufIndependent22 May 2005
 DominicaListVince HendersonDominica Labour Party13 December 2022
 Dominican RepublicListRoberto Álvarez Gil16 August 2020
 EcuadorListGustavo Manrique[31]2 April 2023
 EgyptListSameh ShoukryIndependent17 June 2014
 El SalvadorListAlexandra Hill Tinoco[32]1 June 2019
 Equatorial GuineaListSimeón Oyono Esono AngüeDemocratic Party of Equatorial Guinea6 February 2018
 EritreaListOsman Saleh Mohammed[33]People's Front for Democracy and Justice18 April 2007
 EstoniaListMargus Tsahkna[34]Estonia 20017 April 2023
 EswatiniListThuli Dladla2 November 2018
 EthiopiaListDemeke Mekonnen8 November 2020
 FijiListSitiveni Rabuka (prime minister)People's Alliance24 December 2022
 FinlandListPekka Haavisto[35]Green League6 June 2019
 FranceListCatherine Colonna[36]20 May 2022
 GabonListMichael Moussa Adamo8 March 2022
 GambiaListMamadou TangaraUnited Democratic Party29 June 2018
 GeorgiaListIlia Darchiashvili4 April 2022
 GermanyListAnnalena BaerbockBündnis 90/Die Grünen8 December 2021
 GhanaListShirley Ayorkor BotchwayNew Patriotic Party27 January 2017
 GreeceListNikos DendiasNew Democracy9 July 2019
 GrenadaListJoseph AndallNational Democratic Congress (Grenada)30 June 2022
 GuatemalaListMario Búcaro1 February 2022
 GuineaListMorissanda Kouyaté25 October 2021
 Guinea-BissauListSuzi Barbosa2 March 2020
 GuyanaListHugh ToddPeople's Progressive Party (Guyana)5 August 2020
 HaitiListJean Victor Généus24 November 2021
  Holy SeeListArchbishop Paul Gallagher[11]8 November 2014
 HondurasListEduardo Enrique Reina27 January 2022
 HungaryListPéter SzijjártóFidesz23 September 2014
 IcelandListÞórdís Kolbrún R. GylfadóttirIndependence Party28 November 2021
 IndiaListS. JaishankarBharatiya Janata Party31 May 2019
 IndonesiaListRetno MarsudiIndependent27 October 2014
 IranListHossein Amir-Abdollahian25 August 2021
 IraqListFuad HusseinKurdistan Democratic Party6 June 2020
 IrelandListMicheál MartinFianna Fáil17 December 2022
 IsraelListEli CohenLikud29 December 2022
 ItalyListAntonio TajaniForza Italia 22 October 2022
 Ivory CoastListKandia Camara6 April 2021
 JamaicaListKamina Johnson-SmithJamaica Labour Party7 March 2016
 JapanListYoshimasa HayashiLiberal Democratic Party10 November 2021
 JordanListAyman SafadiIndependent15 January 2017
 KazakhstanListMurat Nurtleu3 April 2023
 KenyaListAlfred Mutua[37]27 October 2022
 KiribatiTaneti Mamau (president)Tobwaan Kiribati Party15 March 2016
 KuwaitListSalem Abdullah Al-Jaber Al-Sabah[11]17 December 2019
 KyrgyzstanListJeenbek Kulubaev22 April 2022
 LaosListSaleumxay KommasithLao People's Revolutionary Party19 April 2016
 LatviaListEdgars RinkēvičsUnity25 October 2011
 LebanonListAbdallah Bou Habib10 September 2021
 LesothoListMpotjoane Lejone28 October 2022
 LiberiaListDee-Maxwell Saah Kemayah, Sr.Coalition for Democratic Change6 October 2020
 LibyaListNajla MangoushIndependent15 March 2021
 LiechtensteinDominique Hasler25 March 2021
 LithuaniaListGabrielius LandsbergisHomeland Union - Lithuanian Christian Democrats11 December 2020
 LuxembourgListJean AsselbornLuxembourg Socialist Workers' Party21 July 2004
 MadagascarListYvette Sylla20 February 2023
MalawiListNancy Tembo28 January 2022
 MalaysiaListZambry Abdul KadirBarisan Nasional (United Malays National Organisation)3 December 2022
 MaldivesListAbdulla Shahid17 November 2018
 MaliListAbdoulaye Diop11 June 2021
 MaltaListIan Borg30 March 2022
 Marshall IslandsKitlang Kabua[38]7 June 2022
 MauritaniaListMohamed Salem Ould Merzoug31 March 2022
 MauritiusListAlan Ganoo6 February 2021
 MexicoListMarcelo EbrardNational Regeneration Movement1 December 2018
 Federated States of MicronesiaKandhi A. Elieisar[11]3 December 2019
 MoldovaListNicu Popescu6 August 2021
 MonacoIsabelle Berro-Amadeï17 January 2022
 MongoliaListBatmunkh Battsetseg29 January 2021
 MontenegroListRanko Krivokapić28 April 2022
 MoroccoListNasser BouritaIndependent5 April 2017
 MozambiqueListVerónica Macamo17 January 2020
 MyanmarListThan Swe1 February 2023[39]
 NamibiaListNetumbo Nandi-NdaitwahSouth West African People's Organisation4 December 2012
 NauruRuss Kun (president)Independent29 September 2022
   NepalListNarayan Prakash SaudNepali Congress16 April 2023
 NetherlandsListWopke HoekstraChristian Democratic Appeal10 January 2022
 New ZealandListNanaia MahutaNew Zealand Labour Party6 November 2020
 NicaraguaListDenis Moncada16 January 2017
 NigerListHassoumi MassoudouNigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism7 April 2021
 NigeriaListGeoffrey OnyeamaAll Progressives Congress11 November 2015
 North KoreaListChoe Son-huiWorkers' Party of Korea11 June 2022
 North MacedoniaListBujar OsmaniDemocratic Union for Integration30 August 2020
 NorwayListAnniken HuitfeldtLabour Party14 October 2021
 OmanListBadr bin Hamad bin Hamood Al Busaidi[11]26 August 2020
 PakistanListBilawal Bhutto ZardariPakistan Peoples Party27 April 2022
 PalauGustav Aitaro3 September 2021
 PalestineListRiyad al-Maliki[40]Independent19 May 2009 (Since 2007 for the Palestinian Authority[41])
 PanamaListJanaina TewaneyDemocratic Revolutionary Party11 October 2022
 Papua New GuineaListJustin TkatchenkoPeople's National Congress23 August 2022
 ParaguayListEuclides Acevedo25 January 2021
 PeruListAna Cecilia GervasiIndependent11 December 2022
 PhilippinesListEnrique Manalo1 July 2022
 PolandListZbigniew RauLaw and Justice 26 August 2020
 PortugalListJoão Gomes Cravinho30 March 2022
 QatarListSheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani[11]27 January 2016
 RomaniaListBogdan AurescuIndependent4 November 2019
 RussiaListSergey LavrovUnited Russia9 March 2004
 RwandaListVincent BirutaIndependent4 November 2019
 Saint Kitts and NevisListDenzil DouglasSaint Kitts and Nevis Labour Party13 August 2022
 Saint LuciaListAlva Baptiste5 August 2021
 Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesListRalph Gonsalves (prime minister)Unity Labour Party10 November 2020
 SamoaListFiamē Naomi Mataʻafa (prime minister)Faʻatuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi24 May 2021
 San MarinoLuca BeccariPDCS 8 January 2020
 São Tomé and PríncipeListAlberto Neto Pereira11 November 2022
 Saudi ArabiaListPrince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud[11]29 October 2019
 SenegalListAïssata Tall SallAlliance for the Republic (Senegal)1 November 2020
 SerbiaListIvica Dačić[42] 26 October 2022
 SeychellesListSylvestre Radegonde16 November 2020
 Sierra LeoneListDavid J. FrancisSierra Leone People's Party30 April 2021
 SingaporeListVivian BalakrishnanPeople's Action Party1 October 2015
 SlovakiaListRastislav Káčer[43]1 April 2021
 SloveniaListTanja FajonSD 1 June 2022
 Solomon IslandsListJeremiah ManelePeople's Alliance Party25 April 2019
 SomaliaListAbshir Omar Huruuse2 August 2022
 South AfricaListNaledi PandorAfrican National Congress29 May 2019
 South KoreaListPark JinPeople Power Party12 May 2022
 South SudanListMayiik Ayii Deng9 September 2021
 SpainListJosé Manuel AlbaresSpanish Socialist Workers' Party10 July 2021
 Sri LankaListAli Sabry PC AALSri Lanka Podujana Peramuna22 July 2022
 SudanListAli Sadiq Ali (acting)19 January 2022
 SurinameListAlbert RamdinProgressive Reform Party16 July 2020[44]
 SwedenListTobias BillströmModerate Party18 October 2022
 SwitzerlandListIgnazio CassisFDP.The Liberals1 November 2017
 SyriaListFaisal MekdadArab Socialist Ba'ath Party22 November 2020
 TajikistanListSirojiddin Muhriddin29 November 2013
 TanzaniaListStergomena Tax[45]3 October 2022
 ThailandListDon PramudwinaiIndependent20 August 2015
 Timor-LesteListAdaljíza MagnoFretilin24 June 2020
 TogoListRobert Dussey17 September 2013
 TongaListFekitamoeloa ʻUtoikamanu28 December 2021
 Trinidad and TobagoListAmery BrownePeople's National Movement19 August 2020
 TunisiaListOthman JerandiIndependent2 September 2020
 TurkeyListMevlüt ÇavuşoğluJustice and Development Party24 November 2015
 TurkmenistanListRaşit MeredowDemocratic Party of Turkmenistan7 July 2001
 TuvaluSimon Kofe[11]September 2019
 UgandaListJeje Odongo21 June 2021
 UkraineListDmytro Kuleba4 February 2020
 United Arab EmiratesSheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan[11]9 February 2006
 United KingdomListJames CleverlyConservative Party6 September 2022
 United StatesListAntony BlinkenDemocratic Party26 January 2021
 UruguayListFrancisco Bustillo6 July 2020
 UzbekistanListVladimir Norov (acting)27 April 2022
 VanuatuListJotham Napat4 November 2022
 VenezuelaListCarlos Faria[46]United Socialist Party of Venezuela17 May 2022
 VietnamListBùi Thanh SơnCommunist Party of Vietnam8 April 2021
 YemenListAhmad Awad Bin MubarakIndependent18 December 2020
 ZambiaListStanley Kakubo7 September 2021
 ZimbabweListFrederick ShavaZANU-PF8 February 2021

Other states

The following states control their territory and are recognized by at least one UN member state.

State Historical list of foreign ministers Current foreign minister Party Assumed office
 AbkhaziaListInal Ardzinba17 November 2021
 Republic of China (Taiwan)ListJoseph WuDemocratic Progressive Party26 February 2018
 Cook IslandsListMark Brown (prime minister)Independent8 October 2020
 KosovoListDonika Gërvalla-SchwarzGuxo22 March 2021
 NiueListDalton Tagelagi (prime minister)Independent11 June 2020
 Northern CyprusListTahsin Ertuğruloğlu[47]9 March 2022
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicListMohamed Sidati[48]Polisario Front14 February 2023
 South OssetiaListDmitry Medoyev25 May 2017

The following states/governments control their territory, but are not recognized by any UN member states.

State Historical list of foreign ministers Current foreign minister Party Assumed office
 ArtsakhDavid Babayan4 January 2021
 Somaliland (Republic of Somaliland)ListEssa KaydPeace, Unity, and Development Party3 March 2020
 TransnistriaListVitaly Ignatyev[49]14 September 2015


Other governments

These alternative governments are recognized as a sovereign state by at least one UN member.

State Government Historical list of foreign ministers Current foreign minister Party Assumed office
 MyanmarNational Unity Government of MyanmarListZin Mar Aung16 April 2021
 YemenSupreme Political CouncilListHisham Sharaf28 November 2016

The alternative governments are not recognized by any UN member states.

State Government Historical list of foreign ministers Current foreign minister Party Assumed office
 LibyaGovernment of National Stability[50]Hafez Kaddour3 March 2022
TibetCentral Tibetan Administration[51]Norzin Dolma14 November 2021

Sui generis entities

Entity Historical list of foreign ministers Current foreign minister European Party National Party Assumed office
 European UnionListJosep BorrellParty of European Socialists1 November 2019
 Sovereign Military Order of MaltaAlbrecht Freiherr von Boeselager[11][11]27 January 2017

Dependent territories

Territory Historical list of foreign ministers Current foreign minister Party Assumed office
 Faroe IslandsJenis av Rana16 September 2019
 French PolynesiaÉdouard Fritch (president)12 September 2014
 GreenlandMúte Bourup Egede (prime minister)27 September 2021
 GuernseyJonathan Le Tocq6 May 2016
 JerseyPhilip Ozouf12 July 2022
 New CaledoniaLouis Mapou (President of the Government)22 July 2021
 Puerto RicoOmar Marrero Díaz13 July 2021
 TokelauSiopili Perez (prime minister)19 May 2022

Autonomous administrative divisions

Autonomous region Historical list of foreign ministers Current foreign minister Party Assumed office
 Brussels-Capital RegionPascal Smet20 July 2019
 CataloniaMeritxell Serret10 October 2022
 CantabriaPaula Fernández Viaña29 June 2019
 FlandersJan Jambon (Minister-President)2 October 2019
GagauziaVitaliy Vlah30 April 2015
 KurdistanSafeen Muhsin DizayeeJuly 2019
 QuebecMartine Biron20 October 2022
 ScotlandListAngus RobertsonSNP21 May 2021
 WalloniaElio Di Rupo (Minister-President)13 September 2019

See also

Notes

  1. Kota, Atila (1 April 2021). "Foreign Minister Olta Xhaçka and Defense Minister Niko Peleshi swear in before President". Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  2. "Retour de Ramtane Lamamra à la tête de la diplomatie algérienne". Medias24. 8 July 2021.
  3. Decret del 12-07-2017 pel qual es fa públic el cessament del ministre d’Afers Exteriors i el nomenament de la ministra d’Afers Exteriors i del ministre d’Economia, Competitivitat i Innovació. (in Catalan)
  4. "UN Secretary General congratulated Tete Antonio". VerAngola. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  5. "Santiago Cafiero seguirá en el Gabinete, pero como ministro". Ámbito (in Spanish). 17 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  6. "Ararat Mirzoyan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. 19 August 2021. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  7. "'We have a plane to catch': Penny Wong becomes Australia's Foreign Affairs Minister". Women's Agenda. 23 May 2022.
  8. "President Ilham Aliyev receives Jeyhun Bayramov on his appointment as FM". NEWS.az. 16 June 2020.
  9. "The Hon. Frederick Mitchell – Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Bahamas". Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  10. "GCC Secretary General Al-Zayani named Bahrain's foreign minister". english.alarabiya.net. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  11. Foreign Ministers with the party field set to N/A indicates that their country has either banned political parties or that they do not have them.
  12. "47-member new cabinet announced". The Daily Star. 6 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  13. Bennett, Randy (22 October 2022). "New Cabinet changes to take effect on Wednesday". Barbados Today. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  14. "Hadja Lahbib devient ministre des Affaires étrangères : "Elle était mon premier et unique choix" précise Bouchez". RTBF (in French). Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  15. Duhem, Vincent (7 April 2016). "Bénin : Patrice Talon nomme un gouvernement sans Premier ministre". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  16. "Bhutan's Newly Elected Prime Minister Lotay Tshering Unveiled The 10 Cabinet Ministers On 3 November 2018". www.bhutantimes.com.
  17. "MINISTERIO DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES | Cancilleria de Bolivia". www.cancilleria.gob.bo. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  18. "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs held a handover and acceptance ceremony between Teodora Genchovska and Nikolay Milkov". ForeignPolicyWatchdog.com. 18 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  19. "Biography Minister of Foreign Affairs and Development Cooperation of the Republic of Burundi" (PDF).
  20. "Details of PM's cabinet reshuffle announced". The Phnom Penh Post. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  21. Curry, Bill; Kirkup, Kristy; Raman-Wilms, Menaka; Dickson, Janice (26 October 2021). "Trudeau cabinet shuffle: Anita Anand moves to Defence, Steven Guilbeault to Environment, Mélanie Joly to Foreign Affairs". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  22. "Central African Republic". www.berlinglobal.org. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  23. "Tchad : Mahamat Zene Cherif, un diplomate expérimenté aux Affaires étrangères". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 8 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  24. "Chile's president-elect unveils young, woman-majority cabinet". France 24. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  25. "Remaniement au Congo-Brazzaville : deux ministres opposés à la modification constitutionnelle exclus", Jeune Afrique, 11 August 2015 (in French).
  26. "Costa Rica's president elect to "test" Ortega and Maduro". Confidencial (in Spanish). 28 April 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  27. "Diplomat kojeg je Tuđman doveo u Hrvatsku najrječitiji je budući ministar: Veliki sam optimist, volim izazove". www.tportal.hr (in Croatian). 19 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  28. "Minister - MFA". mfa.gov.cy. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  29. "Vládu v pátek prezident Zeman jmenuje i s Janem Lipavským, oznámil Fiala". ČT24, ČTK. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  30. "Denmark's new center-left PM presents her government". Federal News Network. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  31. "Ecuador's President Lasso appoints Jose Davalos as environment minister". reuters.com. 2 April 2023.
  32. Campos Madrid, Gabriel (3 May 2019). "Bukele designó a Alexandra Hill Tinoco como nueva canciller". La Prensa Grafica (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  33. "Eritrea Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 23 April 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  34. "The Foreign Minister". vm.ee. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  35. Tarmo Virki (4 June 2019), Finland's Greens name Haavisto as foreign minister in new government Reuters.
  36. John Irish (20 May 2022), Catherine Colonna, French envoy to Britain, named foreign minister Reuters.
  37. MUENI, JEMIMAH (27 September 2022). "Ruto names Alfred Mutua CS Foreign and Diaspora Affairs » Capital News". Capital News. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  38. Team, Internet. "Ambassador Hsiao Meeting with the New Foreign Minister of the Marshall Islands". Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands 駐馬紹爾群島共和國大使館. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  39. "State Administration Council Order No 6/2023" (PDF). The Global New Light of Myanmar. 1 February 2023. p. 6. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  40. Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates
  41. Palestinian politics
  42. srbija.gov.rs. "Ivica Dacic". www.srbija.gov.rs. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  43. "Slovakia has new ministers after party leaves coalition". AP NEWS. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  44. "Het nieuwe regeerteam dat donderdag aantreedt". Star Nieuws (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  45. "Tanzania: President Hassan's sacking of Foreign Affairs minister points to weakness in constitution". The Africa Report.com. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  46. "President Maduro appoints Carlos Faría as Venezuela's new foreign minister". St Vincent Times. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  47. "UBP – DP – YDP Koalisyon Hükümeti kuruldu, yeni bakanlar". KKTC Enformasyon Dairesi - TRNC Public Information Office - KKTC Enformasyon Dairesi (in Turkish). 26 April 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  48. "President Brahim Ghali issues a presidential decree includes the new government". www.spsrasd.info. 15 February 2023. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  49. Acting to 30 August 2016 and from 17 December 2016 to 30 January 2017.
  50. Alternative government, approved by Parliament, in opposition to the government Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh.
  51. Government of Parliament in exile.
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