List of Caucasian animals extinct in the Holocene

This list of Caucasian animals extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 12,000 years in the Caucasian region between Europe and Asia.

Topographic map of the Caucasus

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals

Undated

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name scientific name	Range	Image
Tarpan Equus ferus ferus	Europe[1][2]
Ochotona transcaucasica	Caucasus[3]

Prehistoric

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Eurasian aurochs Bos primigenius primigenius	Iron Age[1]	Mid-latitude Eurasia
European wild ass Equus hemionus hydruntinus	c. 1000 BCE[4]	Europe and southwest Asia

Recent

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name scientific name	Extinction date	Range
Caucasian moose Alces alces caucasicus	c. 1900[5]	Northern Caucasus and Transcaucasian coast of the Black Sea
Caucasian wisent Bison bonasus caucasicus	1927[6]	Caucasus Mountains
Caspian tiger Panthera tigris virgata	1964[7]	Caucasus, western and Central Asia

Local

Locally extinct
Common name scientific name	Extinction date	Range
Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus	c. 3000 BCE[8]	Africa, western Asia, and India
Eurasian beaver Castor fiber	19th century[1]	Europe and western Siberia
Persian onager Equus hemionus onager	13th century[4]	Iran and the eastern Caucasus
Lion Panthera leo	900[7]	Africa, the Middle East, northern India, and southeastern Europe

Birds

Possibly extinct
Common name scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Slender-billed curlew Numenius tenuirostris	20th century?[9][10]	Western Eurasia and North Africa

Fish

Extinct in the wild
Common name scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Beloribitsa Stenodus leucichthys	1960s[11]	Caspian Sea, Volga, Ural, and Terek River drainages

References

Manaseryan, N., & Gyonjyan, A. (1995). "The Change of the Anthropogene Fauna of Armenia". In the Proceedings of the First International Mammoth Symposium, Saint-Petersburg, Russia (pp. 687-688).
Chahoud, J., Vila, E., Bălăşescu, A., & Crassard, R. (2016). "The diversity of Late Pleistocene and Holocene wild ungulates and kites structures in Armenia". Quaternary International, 395, 133-153.
Averianov, A. (2001). "Pleistocene lagomorphs of Eurasia". Deinsea, 8 (1), 1-14.
Crees, Jennifer J.; Turvey, Samuel T. (May 2014). "Holocene extinction dynamics of Equus hydruntinus, a late-surviving European megafaunal mammal". Quaternary Science Reviews. 91: 16–29.
Boeskorov, G.G. (2003) "The genetics of the modern moose and a review of its taxonomy". Cranium. 20, Vol. 2: 31-45.
Bashkirov, I. S. (1939). "Caucasian European Bison". Moscow: Central Board for Reserves, Forest Parks and Zoological Gardens, Council of the People's Commissars of the RSFSR: 1–72. [In Russian.]
Schnitzler, A., & Hermann, L. (2019). "Chronological distribution of the tiger Panthera tigris and the Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica in their common range in Asia". Mammal Review, 49 (4), 340-353.
Manaseryan, N. (2017). 6. "Carnivora mammals of the Holocene in Armenia". In Archaeozoology of the Near East, p. 76.
Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Gretton, A. (1991) The Ecology and Conservation of the Slender-Billed Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris). International Council for Bird Preservation.
Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Stenodus leucichthys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T20745A9229071. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T20745A9229071.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

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[Manaseryan-1] Manaseryan, N., & Gyonjyan, A. (1995). "The Change of the Anthropogene Fauna of Armenia". In the Proceedings of the First International Mammoth Symposium, Saint-Petersburg, Russia (pp. 687-688).

[2] Chahoud, J., Vila, E., Bălăşescu, A., & Crassard, R. (2016). "The diversity of Late Pleistocene and Holocene wild ungulates and kites structures in Armenia". Quaternary International, 395, 133-153.

[3] Averianov, A. (2001). "Pleistocene lagomorphs of Eurasia". Deinsea, 8 (1), 1-14.

[Crees-4] Crees, Jennifer J.; Turvey, Samuel T. (May 2014). "Holocene extinction dynamics of Equus hydruntinus, a late-surviving European megafaunal mammal". Quaternary Science Reviews. 91: 16–29.

[5] Boeskorov, G.G. (2003) "The genetics of the modern moose and a review of its taxonomy". Cranium. 20, Vol. 2: 31-45.

[6] Bashkirov, I. S. (1939). "Caucasian European Bison". Moscow: Central Board for Reserves, Forest Parks and Zoological Gardens, Council of the People's Commissars of the RSFSR: 1–72. [In Russian.]

[Schnitzler-7] Schnitzler, A., & Hermann, L. (2019). "Chronological distribution of the tiger Panthera tigris and the Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica in their common range in Asia". Mammal Review, 49 (4), 340-353.

[8] Manaseryan, N. (2017). 6. "Carnivora mammals of the Holocene in Armenia". In Archaeozoology of the Near East, p. 76.

[Hume-9] Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing.

[10] Gretton, A. (1991) The Ecology and Conservation of the Slender-Billed Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris). International Council for Bird Preservation.

[beloribitsa-11] Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Stenodus leucichthys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T20745A9229071. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T20745A9229071.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.