List of endangered languages in Russia
An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language. A language may be endangered in one area but show signs of revitalisation in another, as with the Irish language.
| Language Endangerment Status | |
|---|---|
| Extinct (EX) | |
|
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| Endangered | |
|
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| Safe | |
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Other categories | |
Related topics | |
 UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger categories | |
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines five levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":[1]
- Vulnerable – "most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g. home)"
- Definitely endangered – "children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home"
- Severely endangered – "language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves"
- Critically endangered – "the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently"
- Extinct – "there are no speakers left; included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s"
The list below includes the findings from the third edition of Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010; formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages), as well as the online edition of the aforementioned publication, both published by UNESCO.[2]
| Language | Status | Nations | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia, Turkey | abq |
| Abkhaz language[1] | Vulnerable | Georgia, Russia, Turkey | abk |
| Adyghe language (West Circassian)[1] | Definitely endangered | Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Macedonia, Russia, Syria, Turkey | ady |
| Agul language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | agx |
| Akhvakh language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | akv |
| Alabugat Tatar language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Aleut language (Western, Commander Islands)[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | ale |
| Alutor language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | alu |
| Andi language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | ani |
| Archi language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Avar language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Bagvalal language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Baraba Tatar language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Bashkir language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Belarusian language[1] | Vulnerable | Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine | |
| Bezhta language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Bohtan Neo-Aramaic language[1] | Severely endangered | Georgia, Russia | |
| Botlikh language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Buryat language (Cis-Baikal)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Buryat language (Trans-Baikal)[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Central Selkup language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Central Siberian Yupik language (Chukotka)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Chamalal language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Chechen language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Chelkan language[3] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Chukchi language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | ckt |
| Chulym language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Chuvash language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Copper Island Aleut language[1] | Extinct | Russia | |
| Dargwa language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Dolgan language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | dlg |
| East Cape Yupik language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Eastern Khanty language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Eastern Mansi language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Eastern Mari language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Erzya language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Even language (Kamtchatka)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Even language (Siberia)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Evenki language (Northern Siberia)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Evenki language (Sakhalin)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Evenki language (Southern Siberia)[1] | Severely endangered | Mongolia, Russia | |
| Forest Enets language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Forest Nenets language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Forest Yukagir language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Godoberi language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Hinukh language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Homshetsma dialect (Caucasus)[1] | Severely endangered | Georgia, Russia | |
| Hunzib language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Ingrian language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Ingush language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Inkhokvari dialect[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Itelmen language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | itl |
| Juhuri language(Judeo-Tat) (Caucasus)[1] | Definitely endangered | Azerbaijan, Israel, Russia | |
| Kabardian (East Circassian)[1] | Vulnerable | Russia, Turkey | |
| Kalmyk language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Karachay-Balkar language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Karagash language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Karata language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Karelian language (Karelia)[1] | Definitely endangered | Finland, Russia | |
| Karelian language (Tikhvin)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Karelian language (Tver)[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Ket language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Khakas language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Khamnigan Mongol language[1] | Definitely endangered | China, Mongolia, Russia | |
| Khvarshi language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Kildin Saami language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Kilen language[1] | Critically endangered | China, Russia | |
| Kili language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Komi language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Koryak language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Kumandin language[4] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Kumyk language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Lak language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Latgalian language[1] | Vulnerable | Latvia, Russia | |
| Lezgian language[1] | Vulnerable | Azerbaijan, Russia | |
| Low Saxon language[1] | Vulnerable | Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Russia | |
| Lude language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Moksha language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Nanay language[1] | Severely endangered | China, Russia | |
| Negidal language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Nganasan language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Nivkh language (Amur)[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Nivkh language (Sakhalin)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Nogay language (Caucasus)[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| North Saami language[1] | Definitely endangered | Finland, Norway, Russia, Sweden | |
| Northern Altai language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Northern Khanty language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Northern Mansi language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Northern Selkup language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Olonetsian language[1] | Definitely endangered | Finland, Russia | |
| Oroch language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Orok language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Ossete language[1] | Vulnerable | Georgia, Russia | |
| Permyak language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Pontic Greek language[1] | Definitely endangered | Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine | |
| Romani language[1] | Definitely endangered | Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | |
| Rutul language[1] | Definitely endangered | Azerbaijan, Russia | |
| Shor language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Siberian Tatar language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Skolt Saami language[1] | Severely endangered | Finland, Norway, Russia | |
| Southern Altai language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Southern Selkup language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Soyot language[5] | Extinct, partly revitalized | Russia | |
| Tabasaran language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Tazy language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Teleut language[6] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Ter Saami language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Tindi language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Tofa language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Trukhmen language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia, Turkmenistan | |
| Tsakhur language[1] | Definitely endangered | Azerbaijan, Russia | |
| Tsez language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Tundra Enets language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Tundra Nenets language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Tundra Yukagir language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Tuvan language[1] | Vulnerable | China, Mongolia, Russia | |
| Udege language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Udmurt language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Ulcha language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Urum language[1] | Definitely endangered | Georgia, Russia, Ukraine | |
| Veps language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Võro-Seto language[1] | Definitely endangered | Estonia, Russia | |
| Vote language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Western Mari language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Yakut language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | sah |
| Yazva Komi language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Yiddish language (Europe)[1] | Definitely endangered | Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
| Yurt Tatar language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | nog |
References
- Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
- For the online atlas version see here
- Tazranova, A.R. "The Chelkan Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
- Bitkeeva, A.N. "The Kumandin Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
- Rassadin, V.I. "The Soyot Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
- Nevskaya, I.A. "The Teleut Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. Retrieved 2021-07-16.
External links
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